Na+ more strongly inhibits DNA compaction by spermidin(3+) than K+. Condensation of nonstoichiometric DNA/polycation complexes by divalent cations. The anomalous gel migration of a stable cruciform: temperature and salt dependence, and some comparisons with curved DNA. Rapid prototyping of three-dimensional DNA-origami shapes with caDNAno. Directed nucleation assembly of DNA tile complexes for barcode-patterned lattices. Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns. A 1.7-kilobase single-stranded DNA that folds into a nanoscale octahedron. Conformational flexibility facilitates self-assembly of complex DNA nanostructures. Hierarchical self-assembly of DNA into symmetric supramolecular polyhedra. The construction of a DNA truncated octahedron. Synthesis from DNA of a molecule with the connectivity of a cube. Rapid chiral assembly of rigid DNA building blocks for molecular nanofabrication. DNA nanotubes self-assembled from triple-crossover tiles as templates for conductive nanowires. Design and characterization of programmable DNA nanotubes. DNA-templated self-assembly of protein arrays and highly conductive nanowires. Design and self-assembly of two-dimensional DNA crystals. Antiparallel DNA double crossover molecules as components for nanoconstruction. Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: a chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures. ![]() We anticipate that our strategy for self-assembling custom three-dimensional shapes will provide a general route to the manufacture of sophisticated devices bearing features on the nanometre scale. Proper assembly requires week-long folding times and calibrated monovalent and divalent cation concentrations. We also show hierarchical assembly of structures such as homomultimeric linear tracks and heterotrimeric wireframe icosahedra. We demonstrate the design and assembly of nanostructures approximating six shapes-monolith, square nut, railed bridge, genie bottle, stacked cross, slotted cross-with precisely controlled dimensions ranging from 10 to 100 nm. Here we extend this method to building custom three-dimensional shapes formed as pleated layers of helices constrained to a honeycomb lattice. Templated self-assembly of DNA 18 into custom two-dimensional shapes on the megadalton scale has been demonstrated previously with a multiple-kilobase ‘scaffold strand’ that is folded into a flat array of antiparallel helices by interactions with hundreds of oligonucleotide ‘staple strands’ 19, 20. DNA has proved to be a versatile building block 2, 3, 4, 5 for programmable construction of such objects, including two-dimensional crystals 6, nanotubes 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and three-dimensional wireframe nanopolyhedra 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. Molecular self-assembly offers a ‘bottom-up’ route to fabrication with subnanometre precision of complex structures from simple components 1.
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